Winning vs. Fair Play Are they incompatible Essay Example Essay Example

Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible? Essay Example Paper Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible Essay Introduction The personality traits of the â€Å"winner† are embedded within each and every American. It is a nation that survived and thrived against heavy odds. That legacy shapes many of the attitudes we have today about winning and losing. The importance of winning has permeated our culture from the business world to professional sports to local youth soccer leagues. The drive to win is necessary both for our survival and for our continued pursuit of excellence. Excellence, in turn, benefits society as a whole. This is why the drive to win has an important role in our society. A worthy goal for society is to create an atmosphere where the drive to win not only co-exists with fair play and sportsmanship but also works in tandem with them. The reality is that one does not negate the other. Winning and fair play/sportsmanship can actually enhance each other. In that sort of environment we all win. Winning Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible? Essay Body Paragraphs According to Peck â€Å"It is wrong to regard any other human being as, a priori, as an object or an it† (1993). The early European colonists who came to America recognized this. Eventually, the concept of individual rights was codified into the Constitution. Even though each individual settler was driven to get their â€Å"piece of the pie†, they understood that cooperation would also always be necessary. At the same time there is a reality that each individual must face. Engh writes that â€Å"Winning is what we all must do throughout life to succeed.† (2002). Fair play and consideration for others can’t always be accommodated in the reality of everyday life. Sports are a metaphor for life. The importance placed on winning is just a reflection of society as a whole. Those who win consistently in sports, career and life reap the lion’s share of society’s rewards. Since these rewards are not infinite in supply; there will always be stiff comp etition over them. That is the way society is designed. As a nation that design has served us well. Even though most people, if asked, would see sportsmanship, fair play and ethics as good qualities; our society sends mixed messages. Individualistic, selfish behavior is often rewarded. Athletes and businessmen who cut corners to make it to the top are often portrayed as heroes. Sometimes sportsmanship can actually endanger all those involved. If an athlete in the heat of competition is distracted by thoughts of sportsmanship, injuries can result. As one young athlete put it â€Å"The football field is no place to think about ethics† (Canadian Centres Teaching Peace, 2008). Ethics come in the rule making process for the game. The game is meant to be won or lost. Vince Lombardi, the successful Green Bay Packers coach of the 1960s once said that â€Å"Winning isn’t every thing. It’s the only thing†. His phrase not only motivated the Packers to excellence; it also inspired the American culture. The statement tapped into a feeling that lay deep in the American psyche. Fair Play and Sportsmanship Winning is not a bad thing. Too often, it has been portrayed this way. It does not have to be synonymous with greed or the wiliness to indulge in unethical behavior to win. Winning has an important role in continuing a societal pursuit of excellence. Without this pursuit the culture would become stagnant and ultimately die. It is true that that the preset rules of the game, whatever it may be, do much to govern the activity and encourage fair play. There is a higher value to winning than just the superficial, though. Engh writes that â€Å"The very values we can learn through organized sports – things such as ethics, fair play and sportsmanship – are the lessons that will guide us to be the best we can in life† (2002). Winning unethically or without respect for the opponent in sports can lead to a downward process for the win ner. The harm to the â€Å"losers† in this scenario is obvious. The harm to the â€Å"winner† may be just as great in the long run. Delany states that: When someone decides to justify certain behavior in an attempt to gain an edge over an opponent, they are likely to engage in other deviant action. (2003) Fair play and sportsmanship have important societal roles to play. These traits are just as ingrained in human beings as the drive to win. An example of this can be seen in a recent well-publicized incident at a women’s college softball game. Having hit what appeared to be a game-winning home run; a player was injured and unable to make her way around the bases. If her teammates helped her in any way the run would be disallowed. Instead two players from the opposing team carried her around the bases, allowing her to touch each as they went by. The public reaction to this incident of pure sportsmanship is telling. The young women were honored repeatedly and appe ared on national talk shows. Could it be that sportsmanship and fair play are themselves forms of winning? A Meeting of the Minds Winning without honor can only bring a shallow happiness. It also invites others to treat the â€Å"winner† in the same way. Many of the human rewards that come along with winning are lost when the winning is done by cheating. The winner may obtain the rewards of winning but without the true fulfillment winning a fair and sportsmanlike competition brings. Sports can be a good arena for nurturing qualities of future success in children. At the same time, it can be taken too far. Winning is important because it is both a process of self motivation and of cooperation. Sports teach a structure that we all need to know in order to succeed in later life. Learning how to win is a process, as is learning how to lose and how to be sportsmanlike. For kids, the pressure of a win-at-all-costs mentality often does not create the desired result. Focused, success ful individuals are the exception to the rule. Often this pressure is a distraction rather than an encouragement to focus. Parents who see other parents encouraging a â€Å"win at all costs attitude† often feel pressured to do the same with their kids. The result is often not what they had hoped for. In fact, â€Å"The likelihood is that the experience will turn a lot of these kids off to organized sports participation† (Engh, 2002). In sports and in life there is teamwork all along the way. Individual winning never comes without the support and assistance of a host of others including parents, friends, co-workers, teammates and even opponents. All of these individuals learn from each other in some way. When the competition in question is fair and characterized by sportsmanship, the winner actually enhances his chances of winning again. Winning unethically short-cuts the learning process. In that sense the non-sportsmanlike or unethical winner is only hurting himself. These behaviors also expose the winner to similar behavior directed his way. The only difference is that this time society will fully legitimize the behavior because the winner brought it upon himself. The Packers of Vince Lombardi were universally respected winners. They were a team of individuals, each striving to perform his task to the best of his ability. As a team they played fairly and with good sportsmanship – and each man reaped the rewards. Finding a balance between â€Å"winning is the only thing† and fair play and sportsmanship is a worthy goal for society. All of the skills involved in finding this balance are necessary for ultimate success in life. Conclusion In many ways sport is â€Å"a microcosm of society† (Delaney, 2003). As such it reveals the problems as well as the promise of society. It reflects the ideals we find important as a culture. Winning is good. There is more than one way to win. Winning is also a continual process, not just any o ne game or event. Yes, our society rewards and glorifies individual achievement, even when the achievement was gained by ethically questionable means. The picture is more complicated. People who win at all costs often pay a heavy price. Most of us will never be in the position of those we see portrayed as winners on television and in the media. Therefore it is easy to ignore the consequences these people face for unethical behavior. They range from criminal involvement to depression to the lack of trusted friends and family. For some, this will be a fair tradeoff for winning in the superficial sense. Most of us need a wider definition of winning. Competition of any kind will never be fully ethical and completely sportsmanlike. It is the effort to be this way that counts. This distinguishes the true winner from the superficial one. Ultimately our society is a large team of many individuals. It is dependent both on the individual pursuit of success and a certain level of teamwork. The practice of sportsmanship does not harm the pursuit of either element. Instead, it enhances both. Shortly before his death the legendary coach Lombardi said â€Å"I wish I had never said damned [winning is the only thing] thing. I meant the effort.having a goal. [not] for people to crush human values and morality (Reinharz Anderson, 2000). Sources Business Week. (2006). â€Å"Yes, Winning is Still the Only Thing†. Retrieved 5/14/2008 from:http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_34/b3998403.htm?chan=top+news_top+news . nbsp; Canadian Centres Teaching Peace. (2008). â€Å"Sports: When Winning is the Only Thing can Violence be Far Away?† Retrieved 5/14/2008 from: =http://www.peace.ca/sports.htm data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>http://www.peace.ca/sports.htm . nbsp; Delany, Tim. (2003). â€Å"Sports and Deviant Behavior†. Philosophy Now. Retrieved 5/14/2008 from: http://www.philosophynow.org/issue41/41delany.htm . nbsp; Engh, Fred. (2002). Why Johnny Hates Sports. Garden City Park, N.Y.: Square One Publishing. nbsp; Peck, M. Scott. (1993). A World Waiting to be Born: Rediscovering Civility. New York: Bantam Books. nbsp; Reinharz, Peter; Anderson, Brian. (2000). â€Å"Bring Back Sportsmanship†. City Journal (NY). Spr, pp. 1-6. We will write a custom essay sample on Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Winning vs. Fair Play: Are they incompatible? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Aviators essays

The Aviators essays Summary of story: The Aviators is a historical fiction book about the Vietnam war. The book starts in the Republic of South Vietnam at the Pleiku Air Force base. Lieutenant John S. Oliver Jr. is contacted by the Green Berets, he meets a Captain named Father Lunsford they develop a new plan for extraction. The new plan is to use two Gun ships and two Skids, a Gun ship is a Huey Helicopter with two M-60s, a 40mm grenade launcher and two rocket pods and a Skid is a Huey Helicopter with no weapons and is designed to take many people, the plan calls for the team to choose two fake landing points and one real one. The Gun ships will clear each fake landing point and the Skids will touch-and-go each fake then stop to take the team on at the real one. When Oliver leads the team of helicopters to pick-up Fathers A-team the Viet-Cong manage to shoot down one of the skids, Oliver orders all the Gun ships to unload as much ammo as they can, so they will be light enough to take on the remaining p eople, however Oliver didnt make his helicopter light enough and when he tries to clear the tree line the helicopter tears itself apart, and crashes. Most of Olivers men survive the crash and the remaining members of the A-team meet up with them, Father is too hurt to command the team so he gives command to Oliver. Oliver manages to get the team home safely, but is badly injured he has been shot three times and has never taken any pain-deading drugs because we wants to be fully conscious. Then Oliver is taken to a Hospital in Germany where he is awarded the Silver star and the Purple heart with four oak leaf clusters ( the highest award for injuries suffered in combat ). Then Oliver is flown to the states where he takes a job as General Bellomans Aide-de-camp and he is also promoted to captain. Oliver is trying to h...

15 Tips to become more creative

15 Tips to become more creative Nowadays, if you are not at least a bit creative, soon a automatic robot will be doing all your job. But discovering those imaginative flourishes or inventive solutions isn’t all that simple. Sometimes that muse just won’t discuss. This is not an inspirational list designed to convince you that you’re a unique and creative snowflake. Somewhat, this is for when you’re trapped in a creative bind and need a little extra oomph to make assembling your project work. So here are 15 tricks to help get those creative juices juicing again. Get those endorphins streaming. Exercise is stress-reliever and a creative trigger, and mindless repetition is the secret to allowing your creative head wander. And remember, no subject how much you loath this job, great deal of thought is still better than stumbling your way through a home treadmill workout wishing you might have a cheeseburger. It helps to get some perspective. Take a Bathtub After all that exercise wanting to force imagination, you’re still sweating desperation. At this time you reek of it. Okay, maybe not, however the shower is a great destination to drown out the world and relax your mind enough to let it wander. And a brain with wanderlust is the fertilizer for new ideas. Sleep on It This is why you always do better on tests when you fell asleep together with the book somewhat than cramming right before the test. Your mind requires rest, and the rest actually helps you organize your thoughts and shakes new things free. It provides you with ways to check out old problems in a fresh way. Be Curious What job are you working on? Could it be for a client, or around a certain subject? Do some research. Allow yourself to get lost in your issue and find something that’s interesting for you, even whether it’s abstract. Be curious about it. A lot more intimately you connect with your subject, the more creative you will be when trying to work with it. Listen to Music Listening to music-just listening to music-helps your brain relax. It’s also evocative of images and feelings. You know, those things you are trying to speak to to make assembling your project more creative? Those. Ideas result from a complex mixture of problems, thoughts, and experiences. Allow music move over you, and pick it. Yeah, man. Groovy. Pick a Shade or Theme Sometimes creative imagination gets bogged down in the facts and the specifics. Don’t slip-up the forest for the trees, here. Online backup, take a breath, and ask yourself, â€Å"Self, what is the overall theme, concept or tone?† Insurance agencies a major picture to show up back on, you may find You’ve exposed new creative strategies. Go through the Pretty Colors Sometimes just selecting colors that would work together can give you a whole new point of view on your creative task. Maybe you hadn’t seen things in this light before. Who recognizes. Try different color mixtures or play around with the Adobe Kuler to see if you spark any new ideas. You can even check out some art or even just browse the web for things such as Deviant Art. Try informing a story about an interesting picture You’ve seen. Have no idea the storyplot? Make it up. That’s one half the fun. Clean Something Mindless tasks are great for idea era, and firm is often comforting. Besides, you do not want to clean while you’re in the throes of an creative epiphany, can you? Best get it done now. Go for a Drive. Traveling around and listening to music (or listening to silence) is a superb way to clear the mind. It’s also a little hypnotic, and this hypnosis helps you wiggle creative problems around in your mind just like a loose tooth you are wiggling with your tongue. Eventually something’s heading to break. Just don’t discuss on the telephone while driving a vehicle. It’s distracting. To other motorists. Get Mad. You know all those things you really want to inform that awful client? You know those times when you want to say â€Å"really fellas, this is the truth that you don’t want to listen to†, or write a searing email to your boss? Write them down. Let it out. Most of us have created mental blocks to saying just what we mean because, well, we don’t want people to think we’re psychopaths. Period of time those obstacles and say precisely what you suggest. It’ll feel great, and often you’ll discover (someplace) a new way to approach your problem. Simply by being honest. Spend Some Time Alone Whether you’re walking in the woods or standing on the roof of any skyscraper, only time is creativity’s favorite place to develop. I’m sure which mental or neurological reason for this, but I don’t know what it is. I just know that other folks and electronic gizmos aren’t only distracting, they actually cause anxiety. Turn your cellphone off. Kill the news headlines channel. Mentally move away from it all. It’s actually pretty well accepted that individuals who spend more time by themselves thinking tend to be creative (and, actually, more emotionally fit). Show Someone What you’re Doing I don’t indicate step-by-step, however the process of articulating your creative problem to some other person is incredibly helpful when searching for new methods to an old problem. This is particularly helpful if you are trying to clarify things to a kid (or a dumb good friend), because you have to come up with a much more accessible way to articulate your idea. Pull or Build Something Actually, doing anything repeated that requires extreme concentration would work. The trick here is to let your brain go numb. It’s actually related in some ways to self-hypnosis. It allows your mind wander. Plus the theme of the post is to let your mind wander. Doing something repeated or mindless is often nice since it allows you to start out speaking with yourself with your â€Å"mind tone†. Just don’t answer the tone out loud, and you’re good.

Collapse of the Traditional Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Collapse of the Traditional Family - Essay Example The first thing that immediately occurs to mind, the number one culprit, is of course the exploding divroce rates, in the Western societies as well as in many developing nations. Divorce rates have been on the rise for decades now, but they seem to be shoooting up to epidemic proportions with each passing day. The very institution of marriage which lies at the root of family and home is under assault. Out-of-wedlock births too are drastically rising. Unmarried cohabitation is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon in contemoporary society. The sporadic spread of same-gender marriages are another aspect of the problem. So, one way or other, it is the fact that more and more people are losing their faith in the sanctity of marriage between man and woman which is ultimately threatening the very viability of our society. In a more immediate sense, though, this is adversely affecting the lives of millions of innocent children, causing grave irreparable damage to their delicate sensibi lities at a very tender age. No wonder then that so many of our national leaders are seriously concerned about the need for fortifying the edifice of family, in their bid to build a more coherent and sensible society. A resurgence of early and almost universal marriage, as it happened in the postwar periods of 1950s and 1960s, is bound to revitalize our society. But what is so different between our own times and just a couple of decades ago Why cannot such a thing cannot happen today One most conspicuous difference is the tremendously greater proportion of full-time working women in today's world as compared to the 50's. This is of coure a very positive change. But could not the absence of the mother from the household for the better part of the day be taking its toll on the upbringing and well-being of the children Not necessarily, since it has its own advantages. A confident and independent mother can serve as a better role model for children of both sexes, and not just the girls. Obviously, with both dad and mom working, there would be two incomes instead of one, and this translates to better financial security for children. Also, in a way, with relatively less time available to spend with children, the parents would tend to treasure this time even more than if time weren't such a constraint. It is a universal truth in any relationship, whether between lovers or between parents and children, that distance brings people closer, making them grow fonder of each other. But only to a certain extent though, a little more distance and it can alienate people, to which point we will come shortly. Now though there may be several practical advantages to argue in favor of working women, in relation to their families, the cohesive presence of a full-time mother acting as the central force in holding together the home, with her love and mystique - is simply irreplaceable. It is becoming an increasingly rare sight these days, and evokes a kind of idyllic nostalgia in many of us. But still, if certain things have to be gained, certain other things have to be

Strategic Reward Key Models and Practices Essay

Strategic Reward Key Models and Practices - Essay Example For example, it is possible to create a plan for performance related pay using different strategies such as the following: (1) merit-based pay plan; (2) job- or skill-based pay plan; (3) competency-based plan; and/or (3) job-evaluation-based pay (Heneman and Werner, 2005, p. 45; Baldwin, 2003, p. 45, 70). After examining the potential impact of introducing a performance related pay in a German public service, Shmidt, Trittel and Muller (2011) found out that the use of different types of performance related pay schemes can lead to different effects in terms of public sector employees’ work motivation and performance and that a highly selective performance related pay will never work in government offices. It simply means that depending on the type of performance-based appraisal used by each government office, there will always be the risk wherein the public sector employees would perceive the type of assessment and evaluation process used within the government office to be inef fective, inconsistent, and unfair to some government employees (Shmidt, Trittel and Muller, 2011; Rayson, 2013). Another possible reason behind the reluctance of the public sector employees in integrating performance related pay is the fact that most of the non-performing government employees would fear that their superiors would be closely monitoring their overall work performance. Because of the on-going tight government budget, Weiner (2013) reported that the public sector employees may no longer have the opportunity to enjoy so much of work-related flexibility options. Since there is a need for the government to cut down their unnecessary fixed operating costs, some of the underperforming public sector employees may think that they can be one of the candidates in case... It is the duty and responsibility of the public HR managers to design and implement the performance related pay effectively within the UK government offices. As a common knowledge, the public sector employees will be affected by the new pay and reward scheme. Therefore, the reservations made by the public sector employees should be considered legitimate. The use of performance related pay is a good form of pay and reward strategy particularly in terms of increasing the quality service provided by the public sector employees. For this reason, the public HR managers should exert more effort to effectively address all reservations made by the public sector employees. It is also necessary to create a S.M.A.R.T performance-based criteria that could guide the public sector employees on what they are expected to do. In the process of removing the reservations of each public sector employee, the HR professionals can easily win the support of all affected individuals.

Emission Reduction Essay Example for Free

Emission Reduction Essay In every economic activity, both positive and negative implications compound such activities. The positive implications include employment increase, supply of goods and market, supply of public goods, environmental control above others. However, every economic activity is as well a compound of negative implications. These are called negative externalities. They include pollution, environmental degrading, increase in crime, and social evils above others. Emission reduction like any other negative externality calls for a very dynamic tools of control. Generally, the basic control of negative externalities by corporations in the economy is through the government taxation imposition. The government would impose a corporate tax levy which is substantially equivalent to the cost of the emission to the environment. Through such levy, the government uses passive methods of compensation to the community over such impacts of the emission. Through the tax levy, the cost of operation to the plant is increased. (Prencipe, Davies, Hoboday, 2003) Economically, taxation provides two cost related variables with which the plant should choose from. Firstly, through higher cost of production which may perhaps outweigh its level of market profits, the plant may be forced out in the market. This is because high tax levy is synonymous to an increase in the cost of production. With high cost of production the plant is at a competitive disadvantage in the highly competitive market. It may then opt to choose an alternative method of investment. (Prencipe, Davies, Hoboday, 2003) Elsewhere, such tax is a disincentive in the choice of production method. From the broad alternative of energy production e. g. use of electric turbines to generate power. Use of environmental friendly method would then call up such tax levied formerly. The basic purpose of higher taxes by the government towards negative externalities is to provide a disincentive in specific lines and methods of operation which are harmful to the environment. It is a tool for choosing alternative methods of production.

The Role of John Proctor in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay

The Role of John Proctor in Arthur Miller's The Crucible Arthur Miller wrote the play 'The Crucible' to show the historical parallel between the Salem witch trials of 1692 and the McCarthy 'witch' hunt of the late 1940' and 50's. The character John Proctor seems to represent and show the viewpoint of a real man, unaffected by hysteria; a difficult thing to portray during the 1950's in the USA, due to the fear and hate of Communism and the 'witch' hunt for communists. John Proctor is the central character of the play. He a realistic character, the audience can relate to him and sympathize with him. He is a somewhat strong character and is described by Miller as "powerful of body, even-tempered and not easily led", the last comment perhaps being the most important. His character earns respect throughout the play as the audience sees the moral arguments he has and internal conflicts he has to deal with. John Proctor is a man with a guilty conscience, which makes him indecisive until it is too late, audiences can relate this to their own, maybe far less dramatic lives. John Proctor has made a mistake; he has slept with his former servant girl, teenage Abigail Williams. It is also shown in Act 1 that he still lusts after her - when she asks if he looked up at her window for her, he replies "I may have looked up", this shows his characters weakness, but he remains strong willed. He does not give into what he obviously thinks of as great temptation, again. This shows the audience that he has recognized his mistake and is not repeating it. John Proctor is an honest man, but has undermined himself with his one act of dishonesty. ... ... parallel, as he knew himself what height the communist hysteria had reached. Like the witch hysteria in Salem, he knew that he would be persecuted for writing about fear and conscience if he were to set the play in contemporary America. Miller uses John Proctor to almost play himself and to show what he would do if put in the position of being on trial. He later proved his point by not accusing any other people of being in communist parties when he really was put on trial, to get himself off the hook, like so many other people did. John Proctor plays the crucial role in 'The Crucible' of being the man that is on the brink of giving in but stands strong, even though he knew that one individual would not bring down the hysteria. Works Cited: Miller, Arthur. The Crucible: A Screenplay. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

A Case Study of Obsessive Impulsive Disorder

A Case Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Some Diagnostic Considerations INTROD  UCTION Prior to 1984,  obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  was  considered  a  rare disorder and  one difficult  to treat (I  )  . In 1984 the  Epidemiologic Catchment  Area (ECA) initial survey results  became available for the first time, and  OC  D  prevalence figures  showed that  2. 5  %  of  the  population m  et  diagnostic  criteria  for OCD (2,3)  . Final  survey results published  in 1988  (4) confirmed these  earlier reports. In  addition, a 6-month  point prevalence of  1. 6%  was observed,  and  a  life  time  prevalence  of 3. 0% was  found.OCD is  an illness of secrecy, and  frequently the  patients  present  to physicians in  specialties other than psychiatry. An  other factor contributing to under diagnosis of  this disorder  is that  psychiatrists m  a y fail to ask screening questions  that would identify  OCD. The  following case study is  an example  of  a patient  with moderately severe OCD  who  presented  to  a  resident  psychiatry  clinic  ten years prior to being diagnosed  with OCD. The patient  was  compliant with  out patient treatment for the  entire time  period  and was treated  for  major  depressive  disorder  and border line personality disorder with medication s and  supportive  psychotherapy.The patient never discussed  her OCD symptoms  with her doctors  but in retrospect had offered many clues  that might have allowed  a  swifter  diagnosis and treatment. CASE  HISTORY Simran Ahuja was a 29 year  old,  divorced,  indian female who worked  as a file clerk. She  was followed as an  out patient  at the  same  resident  clinic since  1971. I  first saw her 2012. PAST PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY Simran had been  seen in the  resident  out pati ent  clinic since July of 1984. Prior  to  this she  had not be  en  in psychiatric treatment. She  had never been hospitalized  .Her initial  complaints were depression and anxiety  and she had been placed on  an phenelzine  and responded well. Her  depression  was  initially thought  to be  secondary to amphetamine withdrawal, since she  had been using  diet  pills  for 10  years. She stated  that at first  she  took them to lose weight,  but  continued for  so  long because people at work had noted that she  concentrated  better  and that her job performance had improved. In addition,  her past doctors had  all  commented on her limit  edibility to  change  and her neediness, insecurity,  low  self-esteem,  and poor boundaries. In addition,  her past doctors had noted  her promiscuity.All noted  her poor attention span and limited capacity  for insight. Neurological  testing during her ini tial  evaluation had shown the  possibility of non-dominant parietal  lobe  deficits. Testing  was repeated  in 1989 and  showed †Ã‚  problems in attention ,  recent visual and verbal memory  (with  a greater deficit  in visual memory),  abstract thought  , cognitive flexibility, use  of mathematical operations, and visual analysis. A possibility of right temporal dysfunction is  suggested. †Ã‚  IQ testing showed a  co  m bine d score of 77 on the Adult Weschler  IQ test ,  which  indicated borderline  mental  retardation  .Over the years  the patient had been maintained  on various  antidepressants  and antianxiety agents. These  included  phenelzine,  trazadone, desipramine, alprazolam, clonazapam,  and hydroxyzine. Currently  she  was on fluoxetine  20  mg  daily and clonazaparn 0. 5 mg  twice  a day and 1. 0 mg at bedtime . The antidepressants  had been effective over the years in treating her depression. She  has  never used  m  ore clonazapam than prescribed and there was no history of  abuse  of alcohol or street drugs. Also, there was no history  of discreet  manic episodes and  she  was  never treated with neurolepics.PAST MEDI CAL HISTORY She suffered from  gas  troesophageal reflux and  was maintained  symptom free on a combination  of  ranitidine  and  omeprazole. PSYCHOSOCIAL  HISTORY Simran   was  born  and  raise d in  a  large city. She had a brother who was  3 years younger. She  described  her father  as morose , withdrawn,  and recalled  that he has said, †Ã‚  I don't  like  my  children. Her  father was  physically and  verbally abusive throughout her  child  hood. She  had  always longed  for a good relationship  with him  . She  described  her mother as  the  family martyr and the  glue that  held  the  family together.She stated that  sh e  was  very  close  to her  mother;  her mother always listened  to her and was  always  available to talk with her. She  was a poor student,  had difficulty all through school , and described herself  as †Ã‚  always disrupting  the  class by talking or running  around. †Ã‚  She  had  a  best friend through grade school whom  she  stated †Ã‚  deserted† her  in high  school. She  had maintained  few close  friends since  then . She   graduated high school with much difficulty and  effort. She  dated on  group dates  but never alone. Her husband  left her  while  she was  pregnant with her  son.The husband  was a  bus driver  and had not had  a  role in their  lives  since the  divorce. Aft  e r the  divorce,  she moved  back  to her parent  s'  home  with her son  and  remained there until getting her  own apartment  3 years ago. FAMILY HISTORY Simr an’s  mother  had two  serious  suicide attempts at  age 72 and was  diagnosed with major  depressive  disorder with psychotic features  and OCD. She also had non-insulin dependent  diabetes  mellitus and irritable  bowel  syndrome. Her  brother was treated  for OCD  as an outpatient  for the  past  20 years and also has Hodgkin's Dis  ease, currently in remission.The brother's diagnosis of  OCD was kept secret from  her  and did not become  available  to her until her mother died. Her father  is  alive and well. MENTAL STATUS EXAM She  was a  thin  ,  bleached  blond woman  who appeared her  stated  age. She  was dressed in  skin  tight  ,  provocative  clothing,  costume jewelry earrings  that eclipsed her ears  and hung to her  shoulders, heavy  make-up and  elaborately  styled hair. She  had difficulty  sitting  still  and fidgeted  constantly  in  her  chair. H er body language through out  the interview  was  sexually provocative. Her speech was  rapid,  mildly pressured,  and  she  rarely finished  a sentence.She  described  her  mood  as â€Å"anxious. † Her affect appeared anxious. Her  thought  processes showed mild  circumstantiality and tangentiality. More significant  was her inability to finish a  thought  as exhibited by her in  complete  sentences. COURSE  OF TREATMENT Initial  sessions with the  patient were  spent  gathering history  and forming a working  alliance. Although  she  showed a  good  response  by  slowing  down enough to finish  sentences and focus on  conversations  ,  she  could not tolerate  the side  effects and  refused  to  continue taking the medication  . The  winter  of  1993-94  was  particularly  harsh.The  patient  missed  many sessions because of  bad weather. A pattern  began  to   emerge  of  a  consistent  increase  in the number  of phone  calls that  she  made  to the office voice  mail to  cancel  a session. When  she was questioned about her phone  messages she stated,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  I always repeat  calls to make sure my  message  is received. † Since  the  most recent cancellation generated  no less than six phone calls ,  she  was asked why a  second call wouldn't  be  enough â€Å"to be  sure . † She  laughed  nervously and  said,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  I  always repeat  things. † With careful questioning  the following  behaviors  were uncovered.The patient checked  all locks  and windows repeatedly  before  retiring. She  checked the  iron a dozen times  before leaving the house . She  checked  her door  lock  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  a  hundred  times† before  she  was able to  get in her  car. The patient  washed her hands frequently. Sh e carried disposable  washcloths in  her purse †Ã‚  so I  can wash as  often  as I need too  . †Ã‚  She  said people  at work laugh  at her  for washing  so  much. But she  stated  ,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I  can' t help it. I've been this way  since  I was  a  little girl. † When  questioned  about telling former  doctors  about this,  the  patient  stated that she  had never  talked  about it with her doctors.She  stated  that  everyone that knew  her  simply knew  that  this  was  the  way  she  was:  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  It's  just  me . †Ã‚  In  fact , she  stated, †Ã‚  I didn't  think my doctors  would  care†¦ .  I've always  been this  way  so  it  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs  not something  you can  change . † Over the next  few sessions, it became  clear  that her arguments  with her boyfriend centered  on  his annoyance with her need  to  const antly repeat  things. This was  what she  always referred to  as †Ã‚  talking too much  . †Ã‚  In  sessions it  was  observed that  her  anxiety,  neediness and poor boundaries  a  rose over issues of misplacing things in her purse and insurance forms that were incorrectly  filled  out.In  fact,  when I  attempted to correct the  insurance forms for her, I had difficulty because of her need to repeat the  instructions to me  over and over. The Introduction Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterised by persistent obsessional thoughts and/or compulsive acts. Obsessions are recurrent ideas, images or impulses, which enter the individual's mind in a stereotyped manner and against his will. Often such thoughts are absurd, obscene or violent in nature, or else senseless. Though the patient recognises them as his own, he feels powerless over them.Similarly,compulsive acts or rituals are stereotyped behaviou rs, performed repetitively without the completion of any inherently useful task. The commonest obsession involved is fear of contamination by dirt, germs or grease, leading to compulsive cleaning rituals. Other themes of obsessions include aggression, orderliness, illness, sex, symmetry and religion. Other compulsive behaviors include checking and counting, often in a ritualistic manner, and over a â€Å"magical† number of times. About 70% of OCD patients suffer from both bsessions and compulsions; obsessions alone occur in 25%, whilst compulsions alone are rare. 1n  she spent  ten minutes checking and rechecking  the  form  against the receipts. She  became convinced that she'd  done it wrong, her anxiety would increase, and  she  would  get  the forms out  and check  them again. Her  need to include  me in this  checking  was  so great  that she  was almost physically on  top  of  my  chair. In the  following  weeks,  se ssion s  focused  on  educating the  patient about  OCD. Her  dose of fluoxetine  was increased  to 40 mg  a  day but discontinued because  of severe restlessness and insomnia.She continued to  take 20  mg of  fluoxetine a day. Starting  another medication in  addition to fluoxetine  was difficult because of the patient  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs  obsessive  thoughts  about  weight gain, the  number  of  pills  she  was  taking, and the  possible side effects . Finally,  the  patient agreed to try adding  clomipramine to her medications. The  results were  dramatic. She  felt  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  more relaxed † and had less anxiety. She  began to talk, for  the  first  time, about her  abusive  father. She said,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  His behavior was always supposed  to be the family  secret. I felt  so afraid  and  anxious I didn't  dare tell  anyone.But now  I  feel better. I don't care who  knows. It  Ã ¢â‚¬Ëœs  cost my  mother  too  much  to  stay  silent. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At  this time  the  plan is to begin behavioral therapy with  the  patient  in  addition to medication s  and  supportive therapy to  deal wit  h her  difficulties with relationships. DISCUSSION This is  a complicated  case  with multiple diagnoses: borderline  mental  retardation,  attention deficit disorder,  borderline  personality  disorder,  a  history  of  major depressive disorder and  obsessive compulsive disorder. Given the  level  of  complexity of  this  case and the  patient ‘s  own silence  about her  symptoms,  it  is  not urprising  that this  patient's OCD remained  undiagnosed  for  so  long. However,  in  reviewing  the literature  and the case,  it is instructive to  look  a  t the  evidence that  might  have  led  to an earlier diagnosis. Fir st of  all,  there  was the  finding  of soft neurological deficits. The patient  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs Neuropsychological testing suggested  problems  with  visuospacial  functioning  n visual memory,  as well as  attentional difficulties  and  a  low IQ. In the  past,  her doctors were so impressed  with her history of  cognitive difficulties  that  neuropsychological testing was  ordered  on two separate occasions.Four  studies in the  recent literature have  shown consistent findings of  right hemispheric dysfunction,  specifically  difficulties  in visuospatial  tasks, associated  with OCD  (6,7,8,9). The patient also had a history  of chronic dieting,  and  although  extremely  thin, she continue d to be  obsessed with not  gaining  a single pound. This was  a  patient who took diet  pills for 10  years and who  see earliest memories  involved  her father's disapproval of  her bod  y  ha bitus. Eating  disorders a  reviewed by  some  clinicians  as  a form  of  O C D. O  C D.Swedo and Rapoport (II)  also note  an increased incidence  of  eating disorders in children  and  adolescents  with  OCD. While  this was  no doubt true,  the underlying  obsessional  content pointed directly  to OCD and should have  generated a list of screening questions  for OCD. This underscores  the  need to be  vigilant for diagnostic clues and to perform one's  own diagnostic assessment when  assuming the treatment  of any  patient. While the  literature  makes  it clear that OCD  runs in families,  the  patient was unaware of the  illness  in her family  until after  her diagnosis  was mad  e.It  would have be  en  helpful to know this information  from the  beginning  as it should  immediately  raise a suspicion of OCD in a patient  presenting  with complaints  of  depression and anxiety. Finally,  her diagnosis of borderline  personality  disorder  made  it  easier to pass  off her observable  behavior  in the office as  further  evidence  of  her  character structure. The diagnosis of borderline  personality  disorder was  clear. She  used the  defense of splitting  as evidence d by her descriptions  of her fights  with her boyfriend . H  e was either  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wonderful† or a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"complete bastard. † Her  relationships were  chaotic  and unstable.She had no close friends outside  of her family. She  exhibited  affective instability, marked  disturbance of body  image  and impulsive behaviors. However, it was difficult to discern whether her  symptoms were truly  character logical  or  due  instead  to her underlying  OCD and related  anxiety. For instance,  the  in  stability  in her relationships was,  in  part,  the result  of  her OCD , since  once she  began to obsess  on  something,  she  repeated  herself so much  that  she  frequently  drove others into  a  rage. A  study by Ricciardi,  investigated  DSM-III-R Axis II diagnoses following treatment for OCD.Over  half  of  the  patients in the study  no longer met DSM-III-R  criteria for personality disorders after  behavioral  and  /  or pharmacological treatment  of  their  OCD. The  authors  conclude that  this  raises questions  about  t  he validity  of an Axis  II diagnosis  in the  face  of  OCD. One might also begin  to wonder how many  patients  with personality  disorders  have undiagnosed  O  CD? Rasmussen  and Eisen  found a very high comorbidity of  other Axis I diagnoses in patients  with OCD. Thirty-on  e  percent of patients studied  were  also diagnosed with major  depression, and  anxiety disorders accounted for twenty-four per cent.Other coexisting disorders  included eating disorders, alcohol  abuse  and dependence, and Tourette's syndrome. Baer,  investigated  the comorbidity  of Axis  II disorders  in patients  with OCD  and found that 52  percent  met  the criteria for  at least one  personality  disorder  with mixed,  dependent  and histrionic being  the  most common disorders diagnosed  . Given  the  frequency of comorbidity in patient  s  with OCD,  it would  be wise to include  screening questions  in  every  psychiatric  evaluation. These  need  not  be elaborate. Questions about  checking,  washing,  and ntrusive,  unwanted thoughts can be  simple  and direct. In  eliciting a  family history,  specific  questions about  family members  who check  repeatedly  or  wash  frequently  should  be included. Simply as  king if  any  family member  has  OCD  m  ay  not  elicit   the  information  , since  family members may  also be undiagnosed. In  summary, this  case  represents a complicated  diagnostic  puzzle. Her  past physicians  did not have the  information  we d  o  today  to unravel  the  tangled skeins  of symptoms. It  is  important to be  alert  for  the  possibility  that this  patient ‘s story is not an  uncommon one.BIBLIOGRAPHY * Psychology book (NCERT) * Identical * Suicidal notes * A psychopath test: journey through the world of madness * Disorder of impulse control by Hucker INDEX * Introduction * Case study * Course of treatment * Discussion * Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Girija Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things.Secon dly I would also like to thank my family and my friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Jailaxmi Rathore of class 12 has successfully completed the project on psychology titled ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’ under the guidance of Mrs. Girija Singh. Also this project project is as per cbse guidelines 2012-2013. Teacher’s signature (Mrs. Girija Singh) (Head of psychology department) 2012-2013 PSYCHOLOGY PROJECT NAME OF THE CANDIDATE: JAILAXMI RATHORE CLASS: XII ARTS B SCHOOL: MGD GIRLS’ SCHOOL

What do you think the significance of the witches is in Macbeth?

The witches within Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ can be interpreted as providing a number of roles within the play which add not only to the plot but also to the atmosphere and fear evoked within the audience. Within the Jacobean period in which ‘Macbeth’ was first performed, witches were the subject of much public hysteria and superstition, with the King’s own beliefs being based on a long history of Christian paranoia about witchcraft. As a result, the witches can be seen as a supernatural influence within the play, linking them to the devil and other dark forces and playing on the real and current fears of what may have been a dominantly Christian audience. In this respect, a modern Gothic reading can be applied to the novel. The supernatural power of the witches is one of the first elements highlighted within the play, as in Scene 3 Banquo states they can ‘look into the seeds of time/And say which grain will grow and which will not. Therefore, from the outset the witches are highlighted as the fortune-tellers within the story, who hold an otherworldly power to see into the future. This gives them a greater level of power than the surrounding humans, and such power in the wrong hands may have created a sense of unease and unpredictability within the audience. Additionally, it is this power to tell the fortune which creates the catalyst for the play and leads to Macbeth’s moral deterioration: ‘Al l hail, Macbeth! That shalt be King hereafter! ’ Thus, the witches can be seen to play the role of the typical villains through their manipulation of Macbeth, turning him from a ‘worthy gentleman’ into a brutal murderer. However, there is also contradictory argument that in reality, the witches do not hold any true superiority of power and that it is instead the planting of the idea in Macbeth’s mind which leads him to commit murder through the growth of his own ‘dark desires. This is exemplified further as Banquo suggests ‘oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray’s in deepest consequence. ’ Following this interpretations, the witches may be interpreted as having less power as they merely suggest an idea, and it is the desire and drive of the human mind which instead leads to Macbeth’s downfall. This interpretation may also be considered particularly frightening both to a Jacobean and a modern audience as it follows the modern Gothic stereotype of playing on the realistic fears of humans, such as the power of our deep and potentially repressed desires. Furthermore, the witches can also be seen to play a part in destabilising the typical gender roles of men and women within Jacobean society. Banquo states: ‘You should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so. The ‘beards’ of the witches bring about confusion as to whether the witches are female or male, and deconstruct the opposition between both genders. This ambiguity leads to the witches failing to fall into either category, which further highlights the unnatural nature to them as they do not fit within the realms of human and social convention. Not only does this ambiguity create further unpredictability, but it also reflects the later attempts of Lady Macbeth to be rid of her femininity: ‘Come, you spirits, That end on mortal thoughts, unsex me here. The parallels between the witches and the actions of Lady Macbeth work to similarly convey her as increasingly monstrous, perhaps suggesting a criticism of the lack of social role and responsibility which leads to her own deterioration. Thus, our ability to categorize ourselves and others into gender roles and abide by the social expectations linked to these is seen as a distinctly human attribute and one which Shakespeare may have deemed important for the successful function of a patriarchal society. Lastly, the witches may also be considered significant in adding a grotesque nature to the play which further exemplifies their sinister nature: ‘Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat and tongue of dog. ’ The repeated references to mutilated body parts of animals within the witches chants further depicts their unnatural nature as they are interfering with the natural state of animals. Additionally, further reference to ‘Liver of blaspheming Jew†¦Nose of Turk, and Tartar’s lips’ highlights a taboo element as it plays on racial stereotypes and victimizes groups which contextually may be considered the ‘other’. Perhaps most significantly, however, is the additional parallels which run between the witches and Lady Macbeth, as they incorporate ‘finger of birth-strangled babe’ into their spell. This line instantly incites the previous recognition of Lady Macbeth’s own statement that she would have, whilst breast-feeding, removed a baby and ‘dashed the brains out. ’ A similar taboo element is highlighted through the suggestion of infanticide, as well as the idea of going against nature as breast-feeding is considered a tender and natural human act. Such clear similarity between the witches and Lady Macbeth can thus be seen to suggest an argument which underlies the whole plot of the play – who are really the ‘monstrous’ characters within the play; the witches or the humans? Such ambiguity and deconstruction of the opposition between supposed evil and good as an overarching theme of the novel is one which incites great fear into the plot and the audience, as it implies that, under specific circumstances, even the most moral of us can deteriorate into evil and sin.

Yasar Kemal A Master of Words

Yasar Kemal A Master of Words Yasar Kemal was actually telling the story of Turkey’s ordinary people living in over 40,000 villages who experienced the impact of reforms and economic and social development in rural areas. Using archetypal characters, Kemal created a story of epic reach with common human moral and symbolic imagery. Hashtag: #Ya?arKemal Memed, My Hawk A novel, by definition, is fiction, a form of a sequential story describing intimate experiences of imaginary characters. Fiction is an art and many great writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, and Joyce Carol Oates were fiction writers. Turkish writer #Ya?arKemal, who recently passed away, was a prominent fiction writer and best remembered for his first novel â€Å"Memed, My Hawk†, which was published in 1955. BOOK REPORT This Varlik Prize winner is a story of a young peasant boy (Slim Memed) who tried to save his sweetheart (Hatch) from a forced marriage with the Agha (owner of the land and village chief). Hatch was captured as they attempt to escape but Meme, who wounds the Agha escaped into the mountains and later becomes a bandit. The novel to some critics is exciting and dramatic as it successfully portrayed the severity of peasant life in the Taurus highland of Anatolia during the 1930s. It tells the story of Memed, who in his youth rebel against the cruelty of the village chief and saved his people from tyranny. Indirectly, Yasar Kemal was actually telling the story of Turkey’s ordinary people living in over 40,000 villages who experienced the impact of reforms and economic and social development in rural areas. Using archetypal characters, Kemal created a story of epic reach with common human moral and symbolic imagery. For instance, the burning of the thistles ( a group of flowering plants) the choked the village land symbolizes Memed’s personal revenge and a quest for social justice. Published in 2007, the novel â€Å"They Burn the Thistles† is a sequel to â€Å"Memed, My Hawk†. It has descriptive passages that clearly tell the story of the bitter war between the greedy and brutal property owner and poor Turkish peasants. The Reality of Kurdish and Turkish Peasants Life In reality, Kurdish and Turkish peasants living in Anatolian villages in the early 1900s were suffering from the powerful Aghas. For instance, since they need to return three kilos for a very kilo of seed they borrowed from an Agha, they were always impoverished and in debt to that particular Agha. Those who cannot pay were intimidated, harmed, and sometimes sent to jail. Moreover, since many Kurdish Aghas maintained a good relationship with the central government, agricultural policies continue to favour commercial classes and landowners in Anatolian region. For instance, the rise in cultivation and land prices often benefit landowners and family-owned business alone. LITERARY TECHNIQUE THAT WORKS WONDERS The â€Å"Agha System†, which is mostly in the East and Southeast region, is actually a â€Å"Master and Servant† relation. For instance, according to the book The Literary Garland, the peasants were observed to be graceful and dignified when paying their taxes, procure seeds, and even give presents to their landlord and village chief. The harshness of peasants’ life and the need for land reform and better treatment made #Ya?arKemal the greatest writer in Turkey. His novels created â€Å"Slim Memed†, a fictitious character like a Turkish Robin Hood who fights against the Aghas who exploit the peasants.

Describe how and explain why colonialism deployed and legitimized Essay

Describe how and explain why colonialism deployed and legitimized violence against women in colonial India - Essay Example poverty has been seen to be increasing as the population increases. In india, the act of infanticide of girls is high, which is an act whereby the girl child is killed after realization that it is a female. There is also high number of abortion cases of girl foetuses. India is currently marred by high number of cases relating to abuse of women. This can be evidenced by the recent case whereby a female student was gang raped. Other cases which are common are forced marriages, wife battering and other women related violence. The cases mentioned above are common in India and they happen frequently because few of them are reported to the authorities. The treatment of the Indian people by the colonialist is what has contributed highly to the current situation where women are abused in the society. The colonisers made Indians work in bad situations. The treatment they got from the coloniser made them hate themselves. This hatred they got from the abuse from the colonialism is what is curre ntly prevailing in the society. The colony violated women for some reasons, one of the main reason for violation was that women are part of recreation in the society, that is they give birth. The colonizers allowed the massacre of the native women and children so that they stop the continuation of Indian people through child birth. Additionally, the colonizers pointed out that control of the growing population will only be done by killing of native women and children in large numbers. Furthermore the massacre of the native women was a way of destroying the local tribes. The coloniser further encouraged abuse against women as a way of controlling the sexuality to destruct the continuation of giving birth. Control of woman's ability to reproduce continued even after the country became independent. Women have been subjected to various controls of their reproduction so as to control the ability to give birth and control the growing population (Anagol 2005). Colonialists took over India and massacred a lot of people, most of the people died as a result of hunger because they were subjected to hard tasks with limited food. Before the arrival of the colonialist to India, Indians had their own system of governances, this where they could solve their domestic issues by use of court. Due to the British expansion to the whole country after the takeover which was characterized by high number of deaths, they changed the system of governance by introduction of their own and destruction of Indian governance. For example, the common courts which the Indians use to solve their issues such as caste Panchayats were abolished. This act by the British made the Indian women vulnerable. This is because the traditional system use by the Indian courts had full knowledge of the Indian women. Because of the abolition of the Indian traditional courts, the colonialist defined new ways of crime. This saw the emergence of various ways of female crimes. Infanticide is of the crime activities identified by the colonialism, infanticide as explained above is killing of the female child after birth. Other criminal activities according to the colonialist are window marriages, husband poisoning and wife beating. Those activities were common before the colonialist governance took over. Colonialists identified criminal activities based of the tribal groups. This affected certain group of women which the colonialist had classified them as the criminal tribes.

Why don't we prove results in social research Essay

Why don't we prove results in social research - Essay Example However, it is different from scientific research. In order to prove the results of research there are certain elements that must exist. In science, the basic research elements are observation, description, prediction, control, falsification, and causal explanation. Descriptions should be reliable and repeatable. In social research, however, if the same study were conducted by another researcher in another place, the descriptions would not be the same. This is also true of falsification. Falsification is the ability to rule out all other possibilities, rather than merely accepting the results. Since humans are unique in nature, the chances of disproving the results of many social research cases by conducting another study using different subjects would be strong. Instead of looking to rule out possibilities, a social researcher looks to find all the possibilities that explain a certain behavior. In addition, as societies grow and change, the results of social research will also continue to change. The social sciences are not concrete like the natural sciences. They are evolving. They rely on interpretations and ideas, rather than hard facts. For these reasons, social research is not something that can be proved. It is very important that social research methods take measures to maintain a level of trust between the research